Learning Center
Overview
Illnesses/Diseases
Preventable
by vaccinations
Lyme Disease
What is Lyme disease?
Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. A spirochete is a type of bacterium. It is transmitted to dogs through the bite of a tick. Once in the blood stream, the Lyme disease organism is carried to many parts of the body and is likely to localize in joints. It was first thought that only a few types of ticks could transmit this disease, but now it appears that several common species may be involved. The most common type of tick to carry Lyme disease is the Deer Tick.
Can Lyme disease also affect people?
Yes, but people do not get it directly from dogs. They get it from being bitten by the same ticks that transmit it to dogs. Therefore, preventing exposure to ticks is important for you and your dog.
What are the clinical signs?
Many people with Lyme disease develop a characteristic “bull’s-eye” rash at the site of the bite within three to thirty days. For these people, the disease can be easily diagnosed at an early stage. However, symptoms of Lyme disease are more difficult to detect in animals than in people.
The characteristic rash does not develop in dogs or cats.
Because the other symptoms of the disease may be delayed or go unrecognized and because the symptoms are similar to those of many other diseases, Lyme disease in animals is often not considered until other diseases have been eliminated.
Many dogs affected with Lyme disease are taken to a veterinarian because they seem to be experiencing generalized pain and have stopped eating. Affected dogs have been described as if they were “walking on eggshells.” Often these pets have high fevers. Dogs may also begin limping. This painful lameness often appears suddenly and may shift from one leg to another. If untreated, it may eventually disappear, only to recur weeks or months later.
Some pets are affected with the Lyme disease organism for over a year before they finally show symptoms. By this time, the disease may be widespread throughout the body.
How is Lyme disease diagnosed?
Dogs with lameness, swollen joints, and fever are suspected of having Lyme disease. However, other diseases may also cause these symptoms. There are two blood tests that may be used for confirmation. The first is an antibody test. This test does not detect the actual spirochete in the blood but does detect the presence of antibodies created by exposure to the organism. A test can be falsely negative if the dog is infected but has not yet formed antibodies, or if it never forms enough antibodies to cause a positive reaction. This may occur in animals with suppressed immune systems. Some dogs that have been infected for long periods of time may no longer have enough antibodies present to be detected by the test. Therefore, a positive test is meaningful, but a negative is not.
The second test is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, a DNA testthat is very specific and sensitive. However, not all dogs have the spirochete in their blood cells. If a blood sample is tested, a false negative may occur. The best sample for PCR testing is the fluid from an affected joint.
How is Lyme disease treated?
Because the Lyme spirochete is a bacterium, it can be controlled by antibiotics. However, a lengthy course of treatment is necessary to completely eradicate the organism. The initial antibiotic selected to treat an infected pet may not be effective against the disease, especially if the infection is long-standing. In this situation, changing to another antibiotic is often effective. Occasionally, the initial infection will recur, or the pet will become re-infected after being bitten by another infected tick.
How can I prevent my dog from getting Lyme disease?
The key to prevention is keeping your dog from being exposed to ticks. Ticks are found in grassy, wooded, and sandy areas. They find their way onto an animal by climbing to the top of a leaf, blade of grass, or short trees, especially Cedar trees. Here they wait until their sensors detect a close-by animal on which to crawl or drop. Keeping animals from thick underbrush reduces their exposure to ticks. Dogs should be kept on trails when walked near wooded or tall grass areas.
How do I remove a tick from my dog?
Check your pet immediately after it has been in a tick-infected area. The Deer Tick is a small tick and only about pinhead size in juvenile stage, but a little more obvious in adult phase and after feeding. If you find a tick moving on your pet, the tick has not fed. Remove the tick promptly and place it in rubbing alcohol or crush it between two solid surfaces. If you find a tick attached to your pet, grasp the tick with fine tweezers or your finger nails near the dog’s skin and firmly pull it straight out. You may need another person to help restrain your dog. Removing the tick quickly is important since the disease is not transmitted until the tick has fed for approximately twelve hours. If you crush the tick, do not
get the tick’s contents, including blood, on your skin. The spirochete that causes Lyme disease can pass through a wound or cut in your skin.
Is there a vaccine that will protect my dog from Lyme disease?
A vaccine is now available for protecting dogs against Lyme disease. This vaccine is initially given twice, at two- to three-week intervals. Annual revaccination is also necessary to maintain immunity. The vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective. Some pets will receive the vaccine every two to three years based on the vaccine used, your pet’s lifestyle and individual risk assessment. Be sure to discuss any questions you may have regarding the type and frequency of vaccination with your veterinarian.
______________________________________________________
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM.
© Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc. Used with permission under license. May 16, 2014
Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. A spirochete is a type of bacterium. It is transmitted to dogs through the bite of a tick. Once in the blood stream, the Lyme disease organism is carried to many parts of the body and is likely to localize in joints. It was first thought that only a few types of ticks could transmit this disease, but now it appears that several common species may be involved. The most common type of tick to carry Lyme disease is the Deer Tick.
Can Lyme disease also affect people?
Yes, but people do not get it directly from dogs. They get it from being bitten by the same ticks that transmit it to dogs. Therefore, preventing exposure to ticks is important for you and your dog.
What are the clinical signs?
Many people with Lyme disease develop a characteristic “bull’s-eye” rash at the site of the bite within three to thirty days. For these people, the disease can be easily diagnosed at an early stage. However, symptoms of Lyme disease are more difficult to detect in animals than in people.
The characteristic rash does not develop in dogs or cats.
Because the other symptoms of the disease may be delayed or go unrecognized and because the symptoms are similar to those of many other diseases, Lyme disease in animals is often not considered until other diseases have been eliminated.
Many dogs affected with Lyme disease are taken to a veterinarian because they seem to be experiencing generalized pain and have stopped eating. Affected dogs have been described as if they were “walking on eggshells.” Often these pets have high fevers. Dogs may also begin limping. This painful lameness often appears suddenly and may shift from one leg to another. If untreated, it may eventually disappear, only to recur weeks or months later.
Some pets are affected with the Lyme disease organism for over a year before they finally show symptoms. By this time, the disease may be widespread throughout the body.
How is Lyme disease diagnosed?
Dogs with lameness, swollen joints, and fever are suspected of having Lyme disease. However, other diseases may also cause these symptoms. There are two blood tests that may be used for confirmation. The first is an antibody test. This test does not detect the actual spirochete in the blood but does detect the presence of antibodies created by exposure to the organism. A test can be falsely negative if the dog is infected but has not yet formed antibodies, or if it never forms enough antibodies to cause a positive reaction. This may occur in animals with suppressed immune systems. Some dogs that have been infected for long periods of time may no longer have enough antibodies present to be detected by the test. Therefore, a positive test is meaningful, but a negative is not.
The second test is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, a DNA testthat is very specific and sensitive. However, not all dogs have the spirochete in their blood cells. If a blood sample is tested, a false negative may occur. The best sample for PCR testing is the fluid from an affected joint.
How is Lyme disease treated?
Because the Lyme spirochete is a bacterium, it can be controlled by antibiotics. However, a lengthy course of treatment is necessary to completely eradicate the organism. The initial antibiotic selected to treat an infected pet may not be effective against the disease, especially if the infection is long-standing. In this situation, changing to another antibiotic is often effective. Occasionally, the initial infection will recur, or the pet will become re-infected after being bitten by another infected tick.
How can I prevent my dog from getting Lyme disease?
The key to prevention is keeping your dog from being exposed to ticks. Ticks are found in grassy, wooded, and sandy areas. They find their way onto an animal by climbing to the top of a leaf, blade of grass, or short trees, especially Cedar trees. Here they wait until their sensors detect a close-by animal on which to crawl or drop. Keeping animals from thick underbrush reduces their exposure to ticks. Dogs should be kept on trails when walked near wooded or tall grass areas.
How do I remove a tick from my dog?
Check your pet immediately after it has been in a tick-infected area. The Deer Tick is a small tick and only about pinhead size in juvenile stage, but a little more obvious in adult phase and after feeding. If you find a tick moving on your pet, the tick has not fed. Remove the tick promptly and place it in rubbing alcohol or crush it between two solid surfaces. If you find a tick attached to your pet, grasp the tick with fine tweezers or your finger nails near the dog’s skin and firmly pull it straight out. You may need another person to help restrain your dog. Removing the tick quickly is important since the disease is not transmitted until the tick has fed for approximately twelve hours. If you crush the tick, do not
get the tick’s contents, including blood, on your skin. The spirochete that causes Lyme disease can pass through a wound or cut in your skin.
Is there a vaccine that will protect my dog from Lyme disease?
A vaccine is now available for protecting dogs against Lyme disease. This vaccine is initially given twice, at two- to three-week intervals. Annual revaccination is also necessary to maintain immunity. The vaccine has been shown to be safe and effective. Some pets will receive the vaccine every two to three years based on the vaccine used, your pet’s lifestyle and individual risk assessment. Be sure to discuss any questions you may have regarding the type and frequency of vaccination with your veterinarian.
______________________________________________________
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM.
© Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc. Used with permission under license. May 16, 2014
Canine Leptospirosis
What is leptospirosis?
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease of dogs and other mammals that primarily affects the liver or kidneys. There are many species and serovars of Leptospira and the usual serovars that affect dogs are Leptospira canicola and Leptospira. icterohemorrhagiae. In recent years other species have become important in some areas. These include L. pomona, L. grippotyphosa, L. australis, and L. bratislava. There are other serovars that may infect dogs without apparently causing any signs or disease.
How common is leptospirosis?
Infections of dogs with L. icterohemorrhagiae and L. canicola are uncommon in areas where widespread vaccination of dogs has been practiced for many years. Outbreaks of the disease are still seen from time to time. As mentioned above, these may now involve serovars of Leptospira that have not traditionally been recognized in dogs, and which are not protected against by the traditional vaccines.
How are dogs infected?
Leptospira bacteria are carried mainly by rats and other rodents, but can also affect almost any mammalian species, including people. Infected or recovered “carrier” dogs may act as a source of the infection. Ingestion of infected urine or rodentcontaminated garbage is the most important means of transmission, but some forms of the bacteria can penetrate damaged or thin skin. For instance, when dogs swim in contaminated water, they may become infected through their skin. The incubation period (from infection to onset of clinical signs) is usually four to twelve days.
What are the signs of leptospirosis?
Many Leptospira infections go undetected, but other cases can be life-threatening. Certain strains (serovars) of Leptospira are more likely to be associated with disease than other strains, and the icterohemorrhagiae serovar is perhaps the most dangerous.
There are three main forms of the disease:
1.Hemorrhagic (bleeding)
2.Icteric or jaundice (liver)
3.Renal (kidney)
In hemorrhagic disease there is high fever with lethargy and loss of appetite. Multiple small hemorrhages occur in the mouth and on the whites of the eyes. Bloody diarrhea and vomiting may occur. This form is often fatal.
The icteric or jaundice form begins much like the hemorrhagic form and many of the clinical signs are the same. It differs in the presence of a yellow color (jaundice or icterus) in the mouth and whites of the eyes. In severe cases the skin will turn yellow.
The renal form causes kidney failure. These dogs are very lethargic, anorectic, and may vomit. Their breath may have a very offensive odor, and ulcers often develop on the tongue. Other signs include diarrhea, excessive drinking (polydipsia) and excessively frequent urination (polyuria). There may be red staining of the urine (blood). The dog may be reluctant to move and show abdominal discomfort. Fever is variable and temperature may actually be subnormal in the more advanced stage. Dogs that survive the acute renal form may be left with chronic kidney disease.
How is leptospirosis diagnosed?
Because the clinical signs are variable and easily confused with other diseases, definite diagnosis can be difficult. There are no readily available rapid and definitive laboratory tests. Taking blood samples during infection and again in the recovery period and showing an increase in antibodies to Leptospira in the blood serum (at least a four-fold increase in antibody titer) is supportive of the diagnosis. A single test finding of Leptospira antibody, even if the blood level (titer) is high, may not mean that the dog has Leptospirosis because infection with less harmful serovars can still result in high antibody.
What is the treatment?
Antibiotics are reasonably effective if begun early. Most affected dogs require intensive care in the veterinary hospital. An extended course of antibiotics may be prescribed even in the recovery period to ensure that all the Leptospira organisms are cleared and the dog does not become a chronic carrier.
How can leptospirosis be prevented?
The vaccine for leptospirosis is not always part of the routine vaccination
program for all dogs. Your veterinarian will consider the risks and options for your pet. Annual boosters may be needed to maintain best immunity.
Can the vaccine cause side-effects?
Of the components of a dog’s vaccination program, the portion for leptospirosis has been reported to be one of the more likely to cause a reaction. This usually takes the form of lethargy for a few days and possibly loss of appetite. In some dogs (Miniature Dachshunds and West Highland White Terriers seem to have slightly increased risk) a more general shock-like reaction may occur shortly after vaccination. Other dogs may develop a skin rash (urticaria), apparent on hairless areas. These reactions can be controlled medically, so if you are concerned call your veterinarian immediately. Modern vaccine production methods, such as the use of “sub-unit’ or genetically manufactured vaccines may reduce the incidence of side effects.
NOTE: Leptospirosis can be transmitted to people, so owners of dogs that may have the disease should avoid contact between the owner’s bare skin and their dog’s urine, and wear rubber gloves when cleaning up any areas the dog may have soiled. Any areas where the dog has urinated should be disinfected. The organism is readily killed by household disinfectants or dilute bleach solution.
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM.
© Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc. Used with permission under license. May 16, 2014
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease of dogs and other mammals that primarily affects the liver or kidneys. There are many species and serovars of Leptospira and the usual serovars that affect dogs are Leptospira canicola and Leptospira. icterohemorrhagiae. In recent years other species have become important in some areas. These include L. pomona, L. grippotyphosa, L. australis, and L. bratislava. There are other serovars that may infect dogs without apparently causing any signs or disease.
How common is leptospirosis?
Infections of dogs with L. icterohemorrhagiae and L. canicola are uncommon in areas where widespread vaccination of dogs has been practiced for many years. Outbreaks of the disease are still seen from time to time. As mentioned above, these may now involve serovars of Leptospira that have not traditionally been recognized in dogs, and which are not protected against by the traditional vaccines.
How are dogs infected?
Leptospira bacteria are carried mainly by rats and other rodents, but can also affect almost any mammalian species, including people. Infected or recovered “carrier” dogs may act as a source of the infection. Ingestion of infected urine or rodentcontaminated garbage is the most important means of transmission, but some forms of the bacteria can penetrate damaged or thin skin. For instance, when dogs swim in contaminated water, they may become infected through their skin. The incubation period (from infection to onset of clinical signs) is usually four to twelve days.
What are the signs of leptospirosis?
Many Leptospira infections go undetected, but other cases can be life-threatening. Certain strains (serovars) of Leptospira are more likely to be associated with disease than other strains, and the icterohemorrhagiae serovar is perhaps the most dangerous.
There are three main forms of the disease:
1.Hemorrhagic (bleeding)
2.Icteric or jaundice (liver)
3.Renal (kidney)
In hemorrhagic disease there is high fever with lethargy and loss of appetite. Multiple small hemorrhages occur in the mouth and on the whites of the eyes. Bloody diarrhea and vomiting may occur. This form is often fatal.
The icteric or jaundice form begins much like the hemorrhagic form and many of the clinical signs are the same. It differs in the presence of a yellow color (jaundice or icterus) in the mouth and whites of the eyes. In severe cases the skin will turn yellow.
The renal form causes kidney failure. These dogs are very lethargic, anorectic, and may vomit. Their breath may have a very offensive odor, and ulcers often develop on the tongue. Other signs include diarrhea, excessive drinking (polydipsia) and excessively frequent urination (polyuria). There may be red staining of the urine (blood). The dog may be reluctant to move and show abdominal discomfort. Fever is variable and temperature may actually be subnormal in the more advanced stage. Dogs that survive the acute renal form may be left with chronic kidney disease.
How is leptospirosis diagnosed?
Because the clinical signs are variable and easily confused with other diseases, definite diagnosis can be difficult. There are no readily available rapid and definitive laboratory tests. Taking blood samples during infection and again in the recovery period and showing an increase in antibodies to Leptospira in the blood serum (at least a four-fold increase in antibody titer) is supportive of the diagnosis. A single test finding of Leptospira antibody, even if the blood level (titer) is high, may not mean that the dog has Leptospirosis because infection with less harmful serovars can still result in high antibody.
What is the treatment?
Antibiotics are reasonably effective if begun early. Most affected dogs require intensive care in the veterinary hospital. An extended course of antibiotics may be prescribed even in the recovery period to ensure that all the Leptospira organisms are cleared and the dog does not become a chronic carrier.
How can leptospirosis be prevented?
The vaccine for leptospirosis is not always part of the routine vaccination
program for all dogs. Your veterinarian will consider the risks and options for your pet. Annual boosters may be needed to maintain best immunity.
Can the vaccine cause side-effects?
Of the components of a dog’s vaccination program, the portion for leptospirosis has been reported to be one of the more likely to cause a reaction. This usually takes the form of lethargy for a few days and possibly loss of appetite. In some dogs (Miniature Dachshunds and West Highland White Terriers seem to have slightly increased risk) a more general shock-like reaction may occur shortly after vaccination. Other dogs may develop a skin rash (urticaria), apparent on hairless areas. These reactions can be controlled medically, so if you are concerned call your veterinarian immediately. Modern vaccine production methods, such as the use of “sub-unit’ or genetically manufactured vaccines may reduce the incidence of side effects.
NOTE: Leptospirosis can be transmitted to people, so owners of dogs that may have the disease should avoid contact between the owner’s bare skin and their dog’s urine, and wear rubber gloves when cleaning up any areas the dog may have soiled. Any areas where the dog has urinated should be disinfected. The organism is readily killed by household disinfectants or dilute bleach solution.
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM.
© Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc. Used with permission under license. May 16, 2014
Rabies
What is Rabies?
Rabies is transmitted by a virus and is one of the most devastating diseases affecting mammals, including dogs and humans. The danger of a bite from a rabid dog was described in writings dated from the 23rd century BC.
How is rabies transmitted?
The disease is usually transmitted by the bite of an infected animal.
How widespread is Rabies?
Rabies occurs in every continent except Australia and Antarctica. Most countries are affected with the exception of a few island countries such as Great Britain, Ireland, Japan and Hawaii. Norway, Sweden and the Iberian Peninsula are also free of rabies.
How is the virus transmitted?
Rabies virus does not survive long outside a mammal’s body. The infection is transmitted when one infected animal bites another. In Europe, foxes are the main reservoir while in North America the skunk, fox, raccoon and bat are important sources of infection. In Asia, Africa and Latin America the main reservoir is not wildlife but stray dogs. In these areas, human infection and fatalities are more common.
How long is the incubation period?
The incubation period can vary from ten days to one year or longer. In dogs, the incubation period is typically two weeks to four months. The speed at which clinical signs develop depends upon:
The site of infection - the nearer the bite is to the brain and spinal cord, the quicker the virus reaches the nervous tissue
1.The severity of the bite
2.The amount of virus injected by the bite
What are the clinical signs?
Following a bite from a rabid animal, the disease progresses in stages. In the first or prodromal phase the dog undergoes a marked change in temperament. Quiet dogs become agitated and active pets become nervous or shy.
Following this stage, there are two recognized forms of the clinical disease:
Furious rabies occurs when the rabid dog becomes highly excitable and displays evidence of a depraved appetite, eating and chewing stones, earth and rubbish (pica). Paralysis eventually sets in and the rabid animal may be unable to eat and drink. Hydrophobia (fear of water) is not a sign of rabies in dogs. This is a feature of human rabies. The dog finally dies in a violent seizure.
Dumb rabies is the more common form in dogs. There is progressive paralysis involving the limbs, distortion of the face and a similar difficulty in swallowing. Owners will frequently think the dog has something stuck in the mouth or throat. Care should be taken in examination since rabies may be transmitted by saliva. Ultimately the dog becomes comatose and dies.
Is it possible to survive a bite from a rabid animal?
There are isolated and poorly documented reports of both dogs and people surviving. In some cases, there may have been very little rabies virus present in the saliva at the time the rabid animal bit its victim. In this situation, the victim may not develop rabies.
However, as Louis Pasteur was the first to show, it is possible to interrupt the progression from an infected bite to the onset of signs by the early post-bite use of anti-rabies serum. This antiserum
contains specific immune antibodies to the virus. The most important method for preventing the progression of rabies is by administering a dose of rabies vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the bitten animal to develop its own neutralizing antibodies to the rabies virus. Without vaccination and rapid post-exposure treatment, the chances of survival are poor.
Is vaccination effective?
Vaccination promotes the production of antibodies but is only effective if given before the virus enters the nervous system. Modern rabies vaccines for dogs, cats, horses and ferrets are extremely safe and effective.
What is the treatment for rabies?
There is no treatment for a dog with rabies. If rabies is suspected, the dog has to be kept in isolation and prevented from escaping or injuring someone. Your veterinarian is required by law to notify the local and state or provincial animal disease regulatory authorities. These authorities will determine the steps necessary to properly protect the public.
Can I catch rabies?
Yes, the disease is zoonotic or can be transmitted from an animal to man. It is only transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal. The virus is present in the saliva of the infected animal only for a limited time.
If any animal that may be suspicious for rabies bites you, immediately wash and flush the wound thoroughly with soap and water, -and seek immediate medical assistance.
Post exposure rabies treatment with serum or vaccine may be recommended and is very successful if begun quickly.
Is it possible to vaccinate my dog?
There are several rabies vaccines approved for dogs, cats, horses and ferrets. Dogs and cats between the ages of twelve and sixteen weeks should be vaccinated. Rabies revaccination is dependent on state or provincial law. Your veterinarian will advise you on the appropriate revaccination intervals and can assist you in obtaining any necessary licenses for your pet.
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM.
© Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc. Used with permission under license. May 23, 2014
Rabies is transmitted by a virus and is one of the most devastating diseases affecting mammals, including dogs and humans. The danger of a bite from a rabid dog was described in writings dated from the 23rd century BC.
How is rabies transmitted?
The disease is usually transmitted by the bite of an infected animal.
How widespread is Rabies?
Rabies occurs in every continent except Australia and Antarctica. Most countries are affected with the exception of a few island countries such as Great Britain, Ireland, Japan and Hawaii. Norway, Sweden and the Iberian Peninsula are also free of rabies.
How is the virus transmitted?
Rabies virus does not survive long outside a mammal’s body. The infection is transmitted when one infected animal bites another. In Europe, foxes are the main reservoir while in North America the skunk, fox, raccoon and bat are important sources of infection. In Asia, Africa and Latin America the main reservoir is not wildlife but stray dogs. In these areas, human infection and fatalities are more common.
How long is the incubation period?
The incubation period can vary from ten days to one year or longer. In dogs, the incubation period is typically two weeks to four months. The speed at which clinical signs develop depends upon:
The site of infection - the nearer the bite is to the brain and spinal cord, the quicker the virus reaches the nervous tissue
1.The severity of the bite
2.The amount of virus injected by the bite
What are the clinical signs?
Following a bite from a rabid animal, the disease progresses in stages. In the first or prodromal phase the dog undergoes a marked change in temperament. Quiet dogs become agitated and active pets become nervous or shy.
Following this stage, there are two recognized forms of the clinical disease:
Furious rabies occurs when the rabid dog becomes highly excitable and displays evidence of a depraved appetite, eating and chewing stones, earth and rubbish (pica). Paralysis eventually sets in and the rabid animal may be unable to eat and drink. Hydrophobia (fear of water) is not a sign of rabies in dogs. This is a feature of human rabies. The dog finally dies in a violent seizure.
Dumb rabies is the more common form in dogs. There is progressive paralysis involving the limbs, distortion of the face and a similar difficulty in swallowing. Owners will frequently think the dog has something stuck in the mouth or throat. Care should be taken in examination since rabies may be transmitted by saliva. Ultimately the dog becomes comatose and dies.
Is it possible to survive a bite from a rabid animal?
There are isolated and poorly documented reports of both dogs and people surviving. In some cases, there may have been very little rabies virus present in the saliva at the time the rabid animal bit its victim. In this situation, the victim may not develop rabies.
However, as Louis Pasteur was the first to show, it is possible to interrupt the progression from an infected bite to the onset of signs by the early post-bite use of anti-rabies serum. This antiserum
contains specific immune antibodies to the virus. The most important method for preventing the progression of rabies is by administering a dose of rabies vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the bitten animal to develop its own neutralizing antibodies to the rabies virus. Without vaccination and rapid post-exposure treatment, the chances of survival are poor.
Is vaccination effective?
Vaccination promotes the production of antibodies but is only effective if given before the virus enters the nervous system. Modern rabies vaccines for dogs, cats, horses and ferrets are extremely safe and effective.
What is the treatment for rabies?
There is no treatment for a dog with rabies. If rabies is suspected, the dog has to be kept in isolation and prevented from escaping or injuring someone. Your veterinarian is required by law to notify the local and state or provincial animal disease regulatory authorities. These authorities will determine the steps necessary to properly protect the public.
Can I catch rabies?
Yes, the disease is zoonotic or can be transmitted from an animal to man. It is only transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal. The virus is present in the saliva of the infected animal only for a limited time.
If any animal that may be suspicious for rabies bites you, immediately wash and flush the wound thoroughly with soap and water, -and seek immediate medical assistance.
Post exposure rabies treatment with serum or vaccine may be recommended and is very successful if begun quickly.
Is it possible to vaccinate my dog?
There are several rabies vaccines approved for dogs, cats, horses and ferrets. Dogs and cats between the ages of twelve and sixteen weeks should be vaccinated. Rabies revaccination is dependent on state or provincial law. Your veterinarian will advise you on the appropriate revaccination intervals and can assist you in obtaining any necessary licenses for your pet.
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM.
© Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc. Used with permission under license. May 23, 2014
Canine Distemper
What is distemper?
Distemper is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic dogs and other animals such as ferrets, skunks and raccoons. It is a contagious, incurable, often fatal, multisystemic viral disease that affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. Distemper is caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV).
How is the disease spread?
The disease is spread mainly by direct contact between a susceptible dog and a dog showing symptoms. Coughing and sneezing can spread the virus over short distances.
What are the clinical signs?
As with all infectious diseases, clinical signs can vary. The main clinical signs are diarrhea, vomiting, a thick yellow discharge from the eyes and nose, cough and eventually seizures and neurological signs. Dogs that recover from the disease are often left with persistent nervous muscle twitches (chorea) and recurrent seizures.
Are there other diseases causing similar signs?
There are many diseases that cause diarrhea and vomiting, several that cause similar respiratory and neurological signs, but few diseases that cause all of these at the same time.
What is the treatment?
As with most viral infections, there is no specific treatment. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, but do help in controlling the secondary bacterial infections that often occur with distemper. The treatment for distemper is aimed at helping reduce the signs and symptoms. This is accomplished with hospitalization providing rest and intensive nursing care, intravenous fluid therapy and symptomatic treatment for the vomiting, diarrhea, cough, etc.
How can I prevent my dog from becoming infected?
Fortunately we have highly effective vaccines to use. These are given to puppies along with other routine vaccines. After the initial puppy series and first annual booster, Grace Animal Hospital recommends booster vaccines every three years.
How common is distemper?
Canine distemper is seen worldwide but because of the widespread use of successful vaccines, it is much less common than it was in the 1970’s. It is still seen in populations where vaccination rates are low and in stray dogs. The virus may persist in recovered carrier dogs and in wildlife such as skunks and raccoons. It is essential to keep vaccinating our dog population to prevent canine distemper from returning as a major killer of dogs.
Distemper is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic dogs and other animals such as ferrets, skunks and raccoons. It is a contagious, incurable, often fatal, multisystemic viral disease that affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems. Distemper is caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV).
How is the disease spread?
The disease is spread mainly by direct contact between a susceptible dog and a dog showing symptoms. Coughing and sneezing can spread the virus over short distances.
What are the clinical signs?
As with all infectious diseases, clinical signs can vary. The main clinical signs are diarrhea, vomiting, a thick yellow discharge from the eyes and nose, cough and eventually seizures and neurological signs. Dogs that recover from the disease are often left with persistent nervous muscle twitches (chorea) and recurrent seizures.
Are there other diseases causing similar signs?
There are many diseases that cause diarrhea and vomiting, several that cause similar respiratory and neurological signs, but few diseases that cause all of these at the same time.
What is the treatment?
As with most viral infections, there is no specific treatment. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, but do help in controlling the secondary bacterial infections that often occur with distemper. The treatment for distemper is aimed at helping reduce the signs and symptoms. This is accomplished with hospitalization providing rest and intensive nursing care, intravenous fluid therapy and symptomatic treatment for the vomiting, diarrhea, cough, etc.
How can I prevent my dog from becoming infected?
Fortunately we have highly effective vaccines to use. These are given to puppies along with other routine vaccines. After the initial puppy series and first annual booster, Grace Animal Hospital recommends booster vaccines every three years.
How common is distemper?
Canine distemper is seen worldwide but because of the widespread use of successful vaccines, it is much less common than it was in the 1970’s. It is still seen in populations where vaccination rates are low and in stray dogs. The virus may persist in recovered carrier dogs and in wildlife such as skunks and raccoons. It is essential to keep vaccinating our dog population to prevent canine distemper from returning as a major killer of dogs.
Canine Parvovirus
What is “parvo”?
Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is a relatively new disease that appeared for the first time in dogs in 1978. Because of the severity of the disease and its rapid spread through the canine population, CPV has aroused a great deal of public interest. The virus that causes this disease is very similar to feline panleukopenia (feline distemper) and the two diseases are almost identical. Therefore, it has been speculated that the canine virus is a mutation of the feline virus. However, that has never been scientifically proven.
Are there different strains of canine parvovirus?
Two slightly different strains of canine parvovirus, named CPV-2a (1980) and CPV-2b (1984), are recognized. They cause the same disease and vaccines give protection against both. CPV-2b is associated with the most severe disease. A distinct type of parvovirus (CPV-1) has been found in pups with diarrhea and also in normal dogs. CPV-1 is not thought to be an important cause of disease.
How does a dog become infected with parvovirus?
The main source of the virus is from the feces of infected dogs. The virus begins to be shed just before clinical signs develop and continues for about ten days. Susceptible dogs become infected by ingesting the virus. Subsequently, the virus is carried to the intestine where it invades the intestinal wall and causes inflammation. Unlike most other viruses, CPV
is stable in the environment and is resistant to the effects of heat, detergents, alcohol, and many disinfectants. A 1:30 bleach solution will destroy the infective virus. CPV has been recovered from surfaces contaminated with dog feces even after three months at room temperature. Due to its stability, the virus is easily transmitted via the hair or feet of infected dogs, contaminated shoes, clothes, and other objects or areas contaminated by infected feces. Direct contact between dogs is not required to spread the virus. Dogs that become infected with the virus and show clinical signs will usually become ill within six to ten days of the initial infection.
What are the clinical signs of parvo?
The clinical signs and symptoms of CPV disease can vary, but generally they include severe vomiting and diarrhea. The diarrhea often has a very strong smell, may contain lots of mucus and may or may not contain blood. Additionally, affected dogs often exhibit a lack of appetite, marked listlessness and depression, and fever. It is important to note that many dogs may not show every clinical sign, but vomiting and diarrhea are the most common and consistent signs; vomiting usually begins first. Parvo may affect dogs of all ages, but is most common in dogs less than one year of age. Young puppies less than five months of age are usually the most severely affected, and the most difficult to treat. Any unvaccinated puppy that has vomiting or diarrhea should be tested for CPV.
How is it diagnosed?
The clinical signs of CPV infection can mimic many other diseases that cause vomiting and diarrhea; consequently, the diagnosis of CPV is often a challenge for the veterinarian. The positive confirmation of CPV infection requires the demonstration of the virus or virus antigen in the stool, or the detection of anti-CPV antibodies in the blood serum. Occasionally, a dog will have parvovirus but test negative for virus in the stool. Fortunately, this is an uncommon occurrence. A tentative diagnosis is often based on the presence of a reduced white blood cell count (leukopenia) and clinical signs. If further confirmation is needed, stool or blood can be submitted to a veterinary laboratory for additional tests. The absence of a leukopenia does not mean that the dog does not have CPV infection. Some dogs that become clinically ill may not have a low white blood cell count.
Can parvo be treated successfully?
There is no treatment to kill the virus once it infects the dog. However, the virus does not directly cause death; rather, it causes loss of the lining of the intestinal tract, and destroys some blood cell elements. The intestinal damage results in severe dehydration (water loss), electrolyte (sodium and potassium) imbalances, and infection in the bloodstream (septicemia). When the bacteria that normally live in the intestinal tract are able to get into the blood stream, it becomes more likely that the animal will die. The first step in treatment is to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. This requires the administration of intravenous fluids containing electrolytes. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are given to prevent or control septicemia. Antispasmodic drugs are used to inhibit the diarrhea and vomiting that perpetuate the problems.
What is the survival rate?
Most dogs with CPV infection recover if aggressive treatment is used and if therapy is begun before severe septicemia and dehydration occur. For reasons not fully understood, some breeds, notably the Rottweiler, Doberman pinscher and English springer spaniel, have a much higher fatality rate than other breeds.
Can parvo be prevented?
The best method of protecting your dog against CPV infection is proper vaccination. Puppies receive a parvo vaccination as part of their multiple-agent vaccine given at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. In some situations, veterinarians will give the vaccine at twoweek intervals with an additional booster at 18 to 22 weeks of age. After the initial series of vaccinations, all dogs should be given a booster vaccination at one year. Thereafter your veterinarian will discuss with you an appropriate schedule of revaccination. Dogs in high exposure situations (i.e., kennels, dog shows, field trials, etc.) may be better protected with a booster every six to twelve months. Pregnant females might be boostered with a killed parvo vaccine within two weeks before whelping in
order to transfer protective antibodies to the puppies. Adult dogs considered to be at low risk for contracting the disease may be vaccinated every two to three years. Your veterinarian and you should make the final decision about the vaccination schedule that best fits your pet’s lifestyle.
Is there a way to kill the virus in the environment?
The stability of the CPV in the environment makes it important to properly disinfect contaminated areas. This is best accomplished by cleaning food bowls, water bowls, and other contaminated items with a solution of 1/2 cup of chlorine bleach in one gallon of water (133 ml in 4 liters of water). It is important that chlorine bleach be used because most disinfectants, even those claiming to be effective against viruses, will not kill the canine parvovirus.
Does parvovirus pose a health risk for me? How about for my cats?
It is important to note that there is no evidence to indicate that CPV is transmissible to cats or humans.
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM.
© Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc. Used with permission under license. May 16, 2014
Canine parvovirus (CPV) infection is a relatively new disease that appeared for the first time in dogs in 1978. Because of the severity of the disease and its rapid spread through the canine population, CPV has aroused a great deal of public interest. The virus that causes this disease is very similar to feline panleukopenia (feline distemper) and the two diseases are almost identical. Therefore, it has been speculated that the canine virus is a mutation of the feline virus. However, that has never been scientifically proven.
Are there different strains of canine parvovirus?
Two slightly different strains of canine parvovirus, named CPV-2a (1980) and CPV-2b (1984), are recognized. They cause the same disease and vaccines give protection against both. CPV-2b is associated with the most severe disease. A distinct type of parvovirus (CPV-1) has been found in pups with diarrhea and also in normal dogs. CPV-1 is not thought to be an important cause of disease.
How does a dog become infected with parvovirus?
The main source of the virus is from the feces of infected dogs. The virus begins to be shed just before clinical signs develop and continues for about ten days. Susceptible dogs become infected by ingesting the virus. Subsequently, the virus is carried to the intestine where it invades the intestinal wall and causes inflammation. Unlike most other viruses, CPV
is stable in the environment and is resistant to the effects of heat, detergents, alcohol, and many disinfectants. A 1:30 bleach solution will destroy the infective virus. CPV has been recovered from surfaces contaminated with dog feces even after three months at room temperature. Due to its stability, the virus is easily transmitted via the hair or feet of infected dogs, contaminated shoes, clothes, and other objects or areas contaminated by infected feces. Direct contact between dogs is not required to spread the virus. Dogs that become infected with the virus and show clinical signs will usually become ill within six to ten days of the initial infection.
What are the clinical signs of parvo?
The clinical signs and symptoms of CPV disease can vary, but generally they include severe vomiting and diarrhea. The diarrhea often has a very strong smell, may contain lots of mucus and may or may not contain blood. Additionally, affected dogs often exhibit a lack of appetite, marked listlessness and depression, and fever. It is important to note that many dogs may not show every clinical sign, but vomiting and diarrhea are the most common and consistent signs; vomiting usually begins first. Parvo may affect dogs of all ages, but is most common in dogs less than one year of age. Young puppies less than five months of age are usually the most severely affected, and the most difficult to treat. Any unvaccinated puppy that has vomiting or diarrhea should be tested for CPV.
How is it diagnosed?
The clinical signs of CPV infection can mimic many other diseases that cause vomiting and diarrhea; consequently, the diagnosis of CPV is often a challenge for the veterinarian. The positive confirmation of CPV infection requires the demonstration of the virus or virus antigen in the stool, or the detection of anti-CPV antibodies in the blood serum. Occasionally, a dog will have parvovirus but test negative for virus in the stool. Fortunately, this is an uncommon occurrence. A tentative diagnosis is often based on the presence of a reduced white blood cell count (leukopenia) and clinical signs. If further confirmation is needed, stool or blood can be submitted to a veterinary laboratory for additional tests. The absence of a leukopenia does not mean that the dog does not have CPV infection. Some dogs that become clinically ill may not have a low white blood cell count.
Can parvo be treated successfully?
There is no treatment to kill the virus once it infects the dog. However, the virus does not directly cause death; rather, it causes loss of the lining of the intestinal tract, and destroys some blood cell elements. The intestinal damage results in severe dehydration (water loss), electrolyte (sodium and potassium) imbalances, and infection in the bloodstream (septicemia). When the bacteria that normally live in the intestinal tract are able to get into the blood stream, it becomes more likely that the animal will die. The first step in treatment is to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. This requires the administration of intravenous fluids containing electrolytes. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are given to prevent or control septicemia. Antispasmodic drugs are used to inhibit the diarrhea and vomiting that perpetuate the problems.
What is the survival rate?
Most dogs with CPV infection recover if aggressive treatment is used and if therapy is begun before severe septicemia and dehydration occur. For reasons not fully understood, some breeds, notably the Rottweiler, Doberman pinscher and English springer spaniel, have a much higher fatality rate than other breeds.
Can parvo be prevented?
The best method of protecting your dog against CPV infection is proper vaccination. Puppies receive a parvo vaccination as part of their multiple-agent vaccine given at 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age. In some situations, veterinarians will give the vaccine at twoweek intervals with an additional booster at 18 to 22 weeks of age. After the initial series of vaccinations, all dogs should be given a booster vaccination at one year. Thereafter your veterinarian will discuss with you an appropriate schedule of revaccination. Dogs in high exposure situations (i.e., kennels, dog shows, field trials, etc.) may be better protected with a booster every six to twelve months. Pregnant females might be boostered with a killed parvo vaccine within two weeks before whelping in
order to transfer protective antibodies to the puppies. Adult dogs considered to be at low risk for contracting the disease may be vaccinated every two to three years. Your veterinarian and you should make the final decision about the vaccination schedule that best fits your pet’s lifestyle.
Is there a way to kill the virus in the environment?
The stability of the CPV in the environment makes it important to properly disinfect contaminated areas. This is best accomplished by cleaning food bowls, water bowls, and other contaminated items with a solution of 1/2 cup of chlorine bleach in one gallon of water (133 ml in 4 liters of water). It is important that chlorine bleach be used because most disinfectants, even those claiming to be effective against viruses, will not kill the canine parvovirus.
Does parvovirus pose a health risk for me? How about for my cats?
It is important to note that there is no evidence to indicate that CPV is transmissible to cats or humans.
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM.
© Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc. Used with permission under license. May 16, 2014
Chronic Nasal Discharge
Or
Chronic Upper Respiratory Tract Disease
What is the Upper Respiratory Tract?
The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, throat, including the pharynx and larynx and the windpipe or trachea. Because the mucous membrane covering the eyeball and eyelids is a similar tissue (ask for our Conjunctivitis handout) and also because the eye is connected by a draining tube called the lacrimal duct that carries tears to the nose, these are also considered associated parts of the upper respiratory tract.
What are the features of chronic upper respiratory infection?
The term “chronic” means long-lasting. When signs of upper respiratory tract inflammation such as sneezing or nasal and ocular discharge persist over weeks or months or tend to recur at intervals of a few weeks, this is referred to as Chronic Upper Respiratory Tract Disease. A runny or stuffed-up nose (“sniffles”) is the most common clinical sign. The nasal discharge tends to be thick and often yellow and purulent. It may also be redtinged (fresh blood) or brown (older blood). One or both nostrils may be involved. There may also be chronic eye discharge. Facial swelling and resentment of handling or touching the face may occur. Because smell is so important in appetite, many cats have poor appetite and lose weight. There may also be some inflammation in the throat making swallowing uncomfortable. This may lead to drooling of saliva. In some cases the chronic signs are relatively mild, such as episodes of sneezing and a clear discharge. Cats with mild symptoms usually have normal appetites. In these milder cases the distress to the owner of the constant sneezing or runny nose and eyes may be more than the distress to the pet.
What are some of the main causes of chronic upper respiratory tract disease?
There are many causes of this relatively common problem in cats. Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis and Caliciviruses were the primary causes of chronic upper respiratory tract disease prior to the development of vaccines in the 1970’s. Herpes virus infection is also common in cats and is the most common cause of conjunctivitis in cats. Many cats are infected with feline herpes virus (FHV-1) and do not show any signs of clinical illness (i.e. they have a latent infection). Fortunately, less than 45% of adult cats with latent herpesvirus infection develop recurrent infections. In most cases, herpes virus infections are self-limiting and will resolve within two to three weeks. Rarely, viral infections can cause such severe mucous membrane damage in some cats that healing is incomplete and the mucous membranes become susceptible to secondary bacterial infection. In addition, these upper respiratory viruses tend to persist in some cats, known as carrier cats, for weeks, months or years. In some, but not all, of these carriers, the chronic virus infection exacerbates the mucous membrane damage and helps maintain the bacterial infection that is the main cause of clinical signs. Even vaccinated cats may still become infected with one or more of these viruses and later show chronic post-viral rhinitis and conjunctivitis.
Chlamydia and Bordetella are other respiratory infections that can be prevented by vaccination although the immunity is often incomplete. The group of organisms called Mycoplasma can set up primary respiratory and eye infections, or play a secondary role, along with bacteria such as Pasteurella, Streptococci, Staphylococci, and many others. There is no vaccine for any of these organisms.
In unvaccinated cats, chronic upper respiratory tract disease is a relatively common problem. The most common form is termed chronic post-viral or idiopathic rhinitis. In this condition viral infection (e.g. caused by feline herpes virus or feline calicivirus) causes the initial mucosal damage but the chronic signs relate to secondary bacterial infection of the damaged nasal passages. This may then lead to chronic osteomyelitis of the turbinate bones which is a bacterial infection of the fine bones within the nose.
What about other causes?
More unusual causes of upper respiratory tract disease include fungal infections. These are more likely in certain geographic areas. Cancer (neoplasia) affecting the upper respiratory tract is rare but may need to be ruled out in certain cases. In a few cats non-cancerous nasal polyps may cause chronic sneezing and discharge. There may be occasions when your veterinarian will need to rule out other causes such as trauma, foreign bodies trapped in the nose, or even dental disease.
How is the cause diagnosed?
In order to determine the extent and nature of the disease it is important to get an accurate history. Any past infections or periods of nasal or ocular discharge, previous trauma such as an accident or fight, or dental disease should be reported. Carefully recollect the onset and progression of the problem and the color and consistency of the discharges. A thorough physical examination may also require blood work, swab samples for laboratory microscope examination and culture, and even radiographs and tissue biopsy. Anesthesia may be necessary for a thorough nasal examination or to acquire certain diagnostic samples.
How can this problem be treated?
The treatment will be determined by the test results and
diagnosis. In many cases no specific cause can be found, but the most likely sequence will have been a prior viral infection and now secondary bacterial infection and inflammation. Culture of the discharge may reveal a variety of bacteria involved. Antibiotics typically give an initial dramatic improvement that is often short lived. Targeted nutritional supplements such as Llysine to aid in mucous membrane repair and maintenance and general immune system stimulation can be helpful, especially in chronic viral infections. Over-the-counter nasal decongestants (Afrin-type sprays) may also be of some help. In spite of our best efforts some cases remain chronic or at least recurrent. Our treatment goal in these cases is to reduce the cat’s discomfort through periodic medication and improve its quality of life.
ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS:
The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, throat, including the pharynx and larynx and the windpipe or trachea. Because the mucous membrane covering the eyeball and eyelids is a similar tissue (ask for our Conjunctivitis handout) and also because the eye is connected by a draining tube called the lacrimal duct that carries tears to the nose, these are also considered associated parts of the upper respiratory tract.
What are the features of chronic upper respiratory infection?
The term “chronic” means long-lasting. When signs of upper respiratory tract inflammation such as sneezing or nasal and ocular discharge persist over weeks or months or tend to recur at intervals of a few weeks, this is referred to as Chronic Upper Respiratory Tract Disease. A runny or stuffed-up nose (“sniffles”) is the most common clinical sign. The nasal discharge tends to be thick and often yellow and purulent. It may also be redtinged (fresh blood) or brown (older blood). One or both nostrils may be involved. There may also be chronic eye discharge. Facial swelling and resentment of handling or touching the face may occur. Because smell is so important in appetite, many cats have poor appetite and lose weight. There may also be some inflammation in the throat making swallowing uncomfortable. This may lead to drooling of saliva. In some cases the chronic signs are relatively mild, such as episodes of sneezing and a clear discharge. Cats with mild symptoms usually have normal appetites. In these milder cases the distress to the owner of the constant sneezing or runny nose and eyes may be more than the distress to the pet.
What are some of the main causes of chronic upper respiratory tract disease?
There are many causes of this relatively common problem in cats. Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis and Caliciviruses were the primary causes of chronic upper respiratory tract disease prior to the development of vaccines in the 1970’s. Herpes virus infection is also common in cats and is the most common cause of conjunctivitis in cats. Many cats are infected with feline herpes virus (FHV-1) and do not show any signs of clinical illness (i.e. they have a latent infection). Fortunately, less than 45% of adult cats with latent herpesvirus infection develop recurrent infections. In most cases, herpes virus infections are self-limiting and will resolve within two to three weeks. Rarely, viral infections can cause such severe mucous membrane damage in some cats that healing is incomplete and the mucous membranes become susceptible to secondary bacterial infection. In addition, these upper respiratory viruses tend to persist in some cats, known as carrier cats, for weeks, months or years. In some, but not all, of these carriers, the chronic virus infection exacerbates the mucous membrane damage and helps maintain the bacterial infection that is the main cause of clinical signs. Even vaccinated cats may still become infected with one or more of these viruses and later show chronic post-viral rhinitis and conjunctivitis.
Chlamydia and Bordetella are other respiratory infections that can be prevented by vaccination although the immunity is often incomplete. The group of organisms called Mycoplasma can set up primary respiratory and eye infections, or play a secondary role, along with bacteria such as Pasteurella, Streptococci, Staphylococci, and many others. There is no vaccine for any of these organisms.
In unvaccinated cats, chronic upper respiratory tract disease is a relatively common problem. The most common form is termed chronic post-viral or idiopathic rhinitis. In this condition viral infection (e.g. caused by feline herpes virus or feline calicivirus) causes the initial mucosal damage but the chronic signs relate to secondary bacterial infection of the damaged nasal passages. This may then lead to chronic osteomyelitis of the turbinate bones which is a bacterial infection of the fine bones within the nose.
What about other causes?
More unusual causes of upper respiratory tract disease include fungal infections. These are more likely in certain geographic areas. Cancer (neoplasia) affecting the upper respiratory tract is rare but may need to be ruled out in certain cases. In a few cats non-cancerous nasal polyps may cause chronic sneezing and discharge. There may be occasions when your veterinarian will need to rule out other causes such as trauma, foreign bodies trapped in the nose, or even dental disease.
How is the cause diagnosed?
In order to determine the extent and nature of the disease it is important to get an accurate history. Any past infections or periods of nasal or ocular discharge, previous trauma such as an accident or fight, or dental disease should be reported. Carefully recollect the onset and progression of the problem and the color and consistency of the discharges. A thorough physical examination may also require blood work, swab samples for laboratory microscope examination and culture, and even radiographs and tissue biopsy. Anesthesia may be necessary for a thorough nasal examination or to acquire certain diagnostic samples.
How can this problem be treated?
The treatment will be determined by the test results and
diagnosis. In many cases no specific cause can be found, but the most likely sequence will have been a prior viral infection and now secondary bacterial infection and inflammation. Culture of the discharge may reveal a variety of bacteria involved. Antibiotics typically give an initial dramatic improvement that is often short lived. Targeted nutritional supplements such as Llysine to aid in mucous membrane repair and maintenance and general immune system stimulation can be helpful, especially in chronic viral infections. Over-the-counter nasal decongestants (Afrin-type sprays) may also be of some help. In spite of our best efforts some cases remain chronic or at least recurrent. Our treatment goal in these cases is to reduce the cat’s discomfort through periodic medication and improve its quality of life.
ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS:
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
What is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus?
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a virus specific to the cat family. It was first recognized in the mid 1980’s and it has been found in cats worldwide. Although widespread, it is not a common infection in cats. Only 1 – 2% of cats show evidence of exposure to the virus. In some cats exposure to the virus leads to clinical signs and symptoms that result in deficiency in the immune system. There are different strains of FIV and some seem more harmful than others.
My cat has tested “positive” for FIV. Does my cat have feline AIDS?
Being FIV-positive is not the same as having feline AIDS. The FIV test (see below) detects antibodies that have been formed in the cat’s blood as a result of infection with the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. “FIVpositive” means that your cat has been infected by the virus, but if it is not showing symptoms then it may be years, if ever, before the cat develops the clinical signs referred to as Feline AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome of cats). Just being diagnosed with the FIV virus does not mean your cat has feline AIDS.
Is my family at risk?
Absolutely Not! Although HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the cause of AIDS in people) belongs to the same family of viruses as FIV, the two viruses infect different species – HIV infects only humans and FIV infects only cats. The viruses are very specific for the species and there is no risk of cross infection between the immunodeficiency viruses of cats and people.
Are other cats in the household likely to be already infected or to become infected?
Other cats in your household may already have been infected and should be tested. Spread between cats through normal social contact is unlikely so the majority of your cats may be FIVnegative when tested.
How do cats get FIV?
The virus of FIV is found primarily within certain cells inside infected cats. When virus is shed to the outside it is mainly in the saliva. Transmission of infection to another cat requires direct inoculation of the saliva, and a bite from an infected, shedding cat is the primary means of transmitting FIV. It is not surprising that many FIV-positive are known fighters, particularly those with a history of cat bite abscesses. Any cat bitten by a cat with an unknown medical history should be tested for FIV approximately two months after the bite.
The FIV organism is not able to survive for very long outside of living cat cells and this is another reason that casual infection is uncommon. Kittens may become infected at or soon after birth most likely through virus that is transmitted during pregnancy or through the queen (mother) cat's milk. Around a quarter to a third of kittens born to an infected queen are likely to be infected themselves. Normal social interactions, such as grooming, have a very low risk of transmitting FIV.
How is FIV diagnosed?
FIV is diagnosed using a special blood test that looks for an immune response (formation of antibodies) to the virus by the cat. If this test is positive it is likely that your cat has been and still is infected by the virus. False positive and negative results do occur for a variety of reasons (e.g. antibodies to the virus present in the bloodstream of an infected queen will pass via the milk into her kittens giving a positive test result in the kittens which may not be infected with virus). Kittens under four months of age that test positive should be re-tested when they are six months old, by which time any “maternal” antibodies will have disappeared.
Will my cat recover?
As far as we know, once a cat is infected with FIV virus it will remain infected for the rest of its life, though it is not clear if all infected cats will become ill. It may be weeks, months or even years after initial infection with FIV before a cat will develop clinical signs of illness.
What type of disease does FIV cause?
FIV causes disease because it reduces the ability of the cat's immune system to respond to other infections. Infections that would normally be overcome and cleared become prolonged, chronic or recurrent. This means that many of the clinical signs associated with FIV are due to other non-healing infections. Collectively the signs and symptoms seen as a consequence of FIV is sometimes called “Feline AIDS” or Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease of cats.
Common clinical signs of FIV infection include:
1.Gingivitis /stomatitis - inflammation of the gums and mouth)
2.Weight loss
3.Poor appetite
4.Fever – especially fever of unknown origin
5.Inflammation of the membrane around the eyes - chronic conjunctivitis
6.Swollen lymph glands
7.Vomiting and diarrhea
Most of these signs are non-specific and many diseases can have a similar clinical picture. Any cat with persistent or recurrent illness or clinical signs should be tested for FIV, regardless of lifestyle.
Is there any treatment for FIV?
Secondary bacterial infections associated with feline AIDS can be effectively treated with antibiotics. Unfortunately this is usually only temporary until another infection occurs as a result of the suppressed immune system. No specific treatment for the virus is available. Some cats have been treated with interferon or with human anti-HIV drugs such as AZT with limited success. Evening Primrose oil seems to be helpful particularly in the earlier stages following infection.
Should I have my cat euthanized?
Generally this is not necessary until the late stages of disease. Like people with HIV, cats with FIV have a long period where they can appear healthy and show no clinical signs. This period may last for two to five years or perhaps even longer, during which your cat can have a normal, happy life.
How can I help my FIV-positive cat?
You can help your cat by ensuring it has a healthy lifestyle and feeding it a premium diet together with twice-yearly examinations and blood and urine tests to monitor immune status. Any infections should be treated promptly and aggressively. The better the general health of the cat, then the longer the asymptomatic (no obvious disease) period tends to be. Keeping an FIVinfected cat indoors is also a good idea as it reduces the likelihood of the cat picking up infections from other cats, as well as reducing the spreading of the virus from your cat to other cats.
How can I prevent cats becoming infected and is there a vaccine?
As most cats become infected from bite wounds during fighting, the risk of FIV infection can be minimized by making sure your cat is neutered and, where possible, kept indoors. There is a new vaccine that has recently been released on the market and you should discuss if this vaccine is appropriate for your cat.
One cat in my household is FIV-positive and the others are not, what should I do? There are two options:
8. Place the FIV-positive cat in a home with no other cats.
As the risk of infection spreading to your other cats by social contact is low, many people choose to keep the FIV-positive cat. In this case, the positive cat should have a separate feeding bowl from the other cats and food should not be left out for all cats to share.
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM
© Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc. Used with permission under license. May 16, 2014
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a virus specific to the cat family. It was first recognized in the mid 1980’s and it has been found in cats worldwide. Although widespread, it is not a common infection in cats. Only 1 – 2% of cats show evidence of exposure to the virus. In some cats exposure to the virus leads to clinical signs and symptoms that result in deficiency in the immune system. There are different strains of FIV and some seem more harmful than others.
My cat has tested “positive” for FIV. Does my cat have feline AIDS?
Being FIV-positive is not the same as having feline AIDS. The FIV test (see below) detects antibodies that have been formed in the cat’s blood as a result of infection with the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. “FIVpositive” means that your cat has been infected by the virus, but if it is not showing symptoms then it may be years, if ever, before the cat develops the clinical signs referred to as Feline AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome of cats). Just being diagnosed with the FIV virus does not mean your cat has feline AIDS.
Is my family at risk?
Absolutely Not! Although HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the cause of AIDS in people) belongs to the same family of viruses as FIV, the two viruses infect different species – HIV infects only humans and FIV infects only cats. The viruses are very specific for the species and there is no risk of cross infection between the immunodeficiency viruses of cats and people.
Are other cats in the household likely to be already infected or to become infected?
Other cats in your household may already have been infected and should be tested. Spread between cats through normal social contact is unlikely so the majority of your cats may be FIVnegative when tested.
How do cats get FIV?
The virus of FIV is found primarily within certain cells inside infected cats. When virus is shed to the outside it is mainly in the saliva. Transmission of infection to another cat requires direct inoculation of the saliva, and a bite from an infected, shedding cat is the primary means of transmitting FIV. It is not surprising that many FIV-positive are known fighters, particularly those with a history of cat bite abscesses. Any cat bitten by a cat with an unknown medical history should be tested for FIV approximately two months after the bite.
The FIV organism is not able to survive for very long outside of living cat cells and this is another reason that casual infection is uncommon. Kittens may become infected at or soon after birth most likely through virus that is transmitted during pregnancy or through the queen (mother) cat's milk. Around a quarter to a third of kittens born to an infected queen are likely to be infected themselves. Normal social interactions, such as grooming, have a very low risk of transmitting FIV.
How is FIV diagnosed?
FIV is diagnosed using a special blood test that looks for an immune response (formation of antibodies) to the virus by the cat. If this test is positive it is likely that your cat has been and still is infected by the virus. False positive and negative results do occur for a variety of reasons (e.g. antibodies to the virus present in the bloodstream of an infected queen will pass via the milk into her kittens giving a positive test result in the kittens which may not be infected with virus). Kittens under four months of age that test positive should be re-tested when they are six months old, by which time any “maternal” antibodies will have disappeared.
Will my cat recover?
As far as we know, once a cat is infected with FIV virus it will remain infected for the rest of its life, though it is not clear if all infected cats will become ill. It may be weeks, months or even years after initial infection with FIV before a cat will develop clinical signs of illness.
What type of disease does FIV cause?
FIV causes disease because it reduces the ability of the cat's immune system to respond to other infections. Infections that would normally be overcome and cleared become prolonged, chronic or recurrent. This means that many of the clinical signs associated with FIV are due to other non-healing infections. Collectively the signs and symptoms seen as a consequence of FIV is sometimes called “Feline AIDS” or Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease of cats.
Common clinical signs of FIV infection include:
1.Gingivitis /stomatitis - inflammation of the gums and mouth)
2.Weight loss
3.Poor appetite
4.Fever – especially fever of unknown origin
5.Inflammation of the membrane around the eyes - chronic conjunctivitis
6.Swollen lymph glands
7.Vomiting and diarrhea
Most of these signs are non-specific and many diseases can have a similar clinical picture. Any cat with persistent or recurrent illness or clinical signs should be tested for FIV, regardless of lifestyle.
Is there any treatment for FIV?
Secondary bacterial infections associated with feline AIDS can be effectively treated with antibiotics. Unfortunately this is usually only temporary until another infection occurs as a result of the suppressed immune system. No specific treatment for the virus is available. Some cats have been treated with interferon or with human anti-HIV drugs such as AZT with limited success. Evening Primrose oil seems to be helpful particularly in the earlier stages following infection.
Should I have my cat euthanized?
Generally this is not necessary until the late stages of disease. Like people with HIV, cats with FIV have a long period where they can appear healthy and show no clinical signs. This period may last for two to five years or perhaps even longer, during which your cat can have a normal, happy life.
How can I help my FIV-positive cat?
You can help your cat by ensuring it has a healthy lifestyle and feeding it a premium diet together with twice-yearly examinations and blood and urine tests to monitor immune status. Any infections should be treated promptly and aggressively. The better the general health of the cat, then the longer the asymptomatic (no obvious disease) period tends to be. Keeping an FIVinfected cat indoors is also a good idea as it reduces the likelihood of the cat picking up infections from other cats, as well as reducing the spreading of the virus from your cat to other cats.
How can I prevent cats becoming infected and is there a vaccine?
As most cats become infected from bite wounds during fighting, the risk of FIV infection can be minimized by making sure your cat is neutered and, where possible, kept indoors. There is a new vaccine that has recently been released on the market and you should discuss if this vaccine is appropriate for your cat.
One cat in my household is FIV-positive and the others are not, what should I do? There are two options:
8. Place the FIV-positive cat in a home with no other cats.
As the risk of infection spreading to your other cats by social contact is low, many people choose to keep the FIV-positive cat. In this case, the positive cat should have a separate feeding bowl from the other cats and food should not be left out for all cats to share.
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM
© Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc. Used with permission under license. May 16, 2014
Feline Leukemia
Until the development of a vaccine to protect against Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) infection in the mid-1980’s, the complex of diseases associated with FeLV was one of the most frequent causes of death in cats.
What is Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)?
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is one of the most important infectious viruses of cats. It was first discovered in cats with a form of leukemia, hence its name. FeLV is the cause of a variety of diseases, not just leukemia. Like all viruses, FeLV is a minute micro-organism consisting of nucleic acid and a few proteins and glycoproteins in a simple structure. Viruses can only replicate themselves inside living cells. FeLV is specific to members of the cat family and does not pose a risk to other animals or people.
How common is FeLV?
FeLV infection is found worldwide. In general, around 1-2% of the cat population is persistently infected with this virus, and many more are exposed. The proportion of cats infected differs according to the geographical location, environment and the life-style of the cat. Infection is more common in colonies of cats where there is close contact between individuals.
What disease does the virus cause?
FeLV invades and replicates in various cells of the cat’s immune system and blood-forming tissues, as well as other cells. To replicate, the nucleic acid (genetic code) of FeLV inserts itself into the nucleic acid of the cells it has invaded. The result can be death of the cell or a change in its genetic code. Such a change can make the cell potentially cancerous and lead to neoplastic disease (cancer). The cancerous change may not occur for months or years after infection. Cancers can occur in a variety of tissues, organs and body sites, depending on the type and location of cells that have been infected with FeLV. Such cancers can involve any type of the circulating white blood cells (leukemia) or other cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. The most common tumor associated with FeLV is that of lymphoid cells known as lymphoma or lymphosarcoma. These tumors may occur at single or multiple sites in the body. Although the development of cancer is one outcome of FeLV infection, other diseases more commonly develop. In many cats, FeLV infection results in a moderate to severe suppression of the immune system. This means that the infected cat is less able to defend itself against a wide range of infections that would not normally cause a problem in healthy cats. A variety of clinical signs develop in these cats, and there is a progressive deterioration in their health over time. Another common occurrence in FeLV-infected cats is the development of a profound and lifethreatening anemia. Other diseases, including abortion, severe enteritis (causing diarrhea), neurological (nervous) signs, and ocular (eye) disease are commonly associated with FeLV infection. FeLV is usually fatal. Studies have shown that 80-90% of FeLV-infected cats will die within three to four years of initial diagnosis.
How is FeLV transmitted?
Direct contact between cats is the most frequent method of FeLV infection. The virus is fragile and cannot survive longer than a few hours in the environment outside of the cat. A cat with FeLV sheds a large quantity of the virus in its saliva as well as in other bodily fluids such as urine and feces. However, FeLV is not a highly contagious virus, and transmission generally requires a prolonged period of close contact between infected and susceptible cats. Close contact activities include mating, mutual grooming, and sharing of litter trays and food bowls. Cat bites by an infected cat can readily transmit infection. Another potential source of infection is when a pregnant cat infected with FeLV gives birth. In this situation, all the kittens will likely be born with FeLV virus. Fortunately, it is more likely that a queen infected with FeLV becomes infertile or there is pre-natal death of the kittens with abortion or resorption of the fetuses. What happens when a cat is exposed to FeLV? Not all cats exposed to FeLV will develop persistent infections. Many of the cats that are infected are able to mount an immune response to the virus. This immunity is successful in eliminating the virus in approximately 30% of the cats exposed to FeLV. However, there will have been a period of some weeks when the virus has been replicating in those cats before they cleared the infection. During the period when FeLV was replicating inside those cats’ cells, there may have been cell changes that could lead to disease later in life. Approximately 70% of cats are unable to mount an immune response to eliminate the virus. Following infection, these cats become persistently and permanently infected with the virus and are at the highest risk of developing FeLV-related disease. It is the permanently infected cats that are primarily responsible for the transmission of FeLV to other cats. It can be many months or even years between the initial virus infection and the onset of related clinical disease problems.
How can FeLV infection be diagnosed?
Diagnosis of FeLV infection is relatively simple. A rapid blood test can be performed which is able to detect viral proteins of FeLV in the blood of an infected cat. This test is very accurate and reliable; although false results may rarely occur. In addition, some cats with only a transient FeLV infection will be positive on the blood test. A second test performed eight to twelve weeks after the first test may be required to confirm persistent infection. In some situations it may be necessary to confirm infection through further blood testing at a specialized laboratory where more sophisticated tests are available. Diagnosis of FeLV disease is more difficult because of the variety of signs and symptoms. It is common to have a complicated situation in which other diseases or conditions co-exist with, and are promoted by, the FeLV infection.
Is there any treatment for FeLV infection or disease?
There is currently no specific treatment for FeLV-infected cats. There is no treatment to eliminate the virus from the body. Most FeLVinfected cats will eventually die or be euthanized because of diseases related to their infection. However, many cats showing FeLV-related disease will improve with symptomatic treatment, at least for a period of time. For example, if FeLV is causing immunosuppression and the patient develops secondary infections, the secondary infections may be treatable, leading to clinical improvement. How can infection be prevented? Vaccines are available to protect cats against FeLV infection. Their use is highly recommended for any cat that goes outside at any time and therefore could have contact with FeLV- infected cats. As with other vaccines, an initial course of two injections is required, and regular boosters are necessary to maintain immunity. Your veterinarian will discuss the most appropriate options for your cat with you. All cats should be tested for FeLV prior to vaccination. Although vaccination is very helpful in preventing infection with FeLV and thus controlling FeLVrelated disease, no vaccine is 100% protective. Where possible do not allow your cat, particularly if a kitten, to come into close contact with known FeLV-infected cats or cats without a known history of proper vaccinations. In larger colonies of cats, it is possible to control FeLV infection through a combination of routine FeLV testing, quarantine and vaccination programs. Fortunately, vaccinating a cat does not interfere with subsequent blood testing for FeLV.
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM © Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc.
Used with permission under license. May 16, 2014
What is Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)?
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is one of the most important infectious viruses of cats. It was first discovered in cats with a form of leukemia, hence its name. FeLV is the cause of a variety of diseases, not just leukemia. Like all viruses, FeLV is a minute micro-organism consisting of nucleic acid and a few proteins and glycoproteins in a simple structure. Viruses can only replicate themselves inside living cells. FeLV is specific to members of the cat family and does not pose a risk to other animals or people.
How common is FeLV?
FeLV infection is found worldwide. In general, around 1-2% of the cat population is persistently infected with this virus, and many more are exposed. The proportion of cats infected differs according to the geographical location, environment and the life-style of the cat. Infection is more common in colonies of cats where there is close contact between individuals.
What disease does the virus cause?
FeLV invades and replicates in various cells of the cat’s immune system and blood-forming tissues, as well as other cells. To replicate, the nucleic acid (genetic code) of FeLV inserts itself into the nucleic acid of the cells it has invaded. The result can be death of the cell or a change in its genetic code. Such a change can make the cell potentially cancerous and lead to neoplastic disease (cancer). The cancerous change may not occur for months or years after infection. Cancers can occur in a variety of tissues, organs and body sites, depending on the type and location of cells that have been infected with FeLV. Such cancers can involve any type of the circulating white blood cells (leukemia) or other cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. The most common tumor associated with FeLV is that of lymphoid cells known as lymphoma or lymphosarcoma. These tumors may occur at single or multiple sites in the body. Although the development of cancer is one outcome of FeLV infection, other diseases more commonly develop. In many cats, FeLV infection results in a moderate to severe suppression of the immune system. This means that the infected cat is less able to defend itself against a wide range of infections that would not normally cause a problem in healthy cats. A variety of clinical signs develop in these cats, and there is a progressive deterioration in their health over time. Another common occurrence in FeLV-infected cats is the development of a profound and lifethreatening anemia. Other diseases, including abortion, severe enteritis (causing diarrhea), neurological (nervous) signs, and ocular (eye) disease are commonly associated with FeLV infection. FeLV is usually fatal. Studies have shown that 80-90% of FeLV-infected cats will die within three to four years of initial diagnosis.
How is FeLV transmitted?
Direct contact between cats is the most frequent method of FeLV infection. The virus is fragile and cannot survive longer than a few hours in the environment outside of the cat. A cat with FeLV sheds a large quantity of the virus in its saliva as well as in other bodily fluids such as urine and feces. However, FeLV is not a highly contagious virus, and transmission generally requires a prolonged period of close contact between infected and susceptible cats. Close contact activities include mating, mutual grooming, and sharing of litter trays and food bowls. Cat bites by an infected cat can readily transmit infection. Another potential source of infection is when a pregnant cat infected with FeLV gives birth. In this situation, all the kittens will likely be born with FeLV virus. Fortunately, it is more likely that a queen infected with FeLV becomes infertile or there is pre-natal death of the kittens with abortion or resorption of the fetuses. What happens when a cat is exposed to FeLV? Not all cats exposed to FeLV will develop persistent infections. Many of the cats that are infected are able to mount an immune response to the virus. This immunity is successful in eliminating the virus in approximately 30% of the cats exposed to FeLV. However, there will have been a period of some weeks when the virus has been replicating in those cats before they cleared the infection. During the period when FeLV was replicating inside those cats’ cells, there may have been cell changes that could lead to disease later in life. Approximately 70% of cats are unable to mount an immune response to eliminate the virus. Following infection, these cats become persistently and permanently infected with the virus and are at the highest risk of developing FeLV-related disease. It is the permanently infected cats that are primarily responsible for the transmission of FeLV to other cats. It can be many months or even years between the initial virus infection and the onset of related clinical disease problems.
How can FeLV infection be diagnosed?
Diagnosis of FeLV infection is relatively simple. A rapid blood test can be performed which is able to detect viral proteins of FeLV in the blood of an infected cat. This test is very accurate and reliable; although false results may rarely occur. In addition, some cats with only a transient FeLV infection will be positive on the blood test. A second test performed eight to twelve weeks after the first test may be required to confirm persistent infection. In some situations it may be necessary to confirm infection through further blood testing at a specialized laboratory where more sophisticated tests are available. Diagnosis of FeLV disease is more difficult because of the variety of signs and symptoms. It is common to have a complicated situation in which other diseases or conditions co-exist with, and are promoted by, the FeLV infection.
Is there any treatment for FeLV infection or disease?
There is currently no specific treatment for FeLV-infected cats. There is no treatment to eliminate the virus from the body. Most FeLVinfected cats will eventually die or be euthanized because of diseases related to their infection. However, many cats showing FeLV-related disease will improve with symptomatic treatment, at least for a period of time. For example, if FeLV is causing immunosuppression and the patient develops secondary infections, the secondary infections may be treatable, leading to clinical improvement. How can infection be prevented? Vaccines are available to protect cats against FeLV infection. Their use is highly recommended for any cat that goes outside at any time and therefore could have contact with FeLV- infected cats. As with other vaccines, an initial course of two injections is required, and regular boosters are necessary to maintain immunity. Your veterinarian will discuss the most appropriate options for your cat with you. All cats should be tested for FeLV prior to vaccination. Although vaccination is very helpful in preventing infection with FeLV and thus controlling FeLVrelated disease, no vaccine is 100% protective. Where possible do not allow your cat, particularly if a kitten, to come into close contact with known FeLV-infected cats or cats without a known history of proper vaccinations. In larger colonies of cats, it is possible to control FeLV infection through a combination of routine FeLV testing, quarantine and vaccination programs. Fortunately, vaccinating a cat does not interfere with subsequent blood testing for FeLV.
This client information sheet is based on material written by Ernest Ward, DVM © Copyright 2005 Lifelearn Inc.
Used with permission under license. May 16, 2014
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